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Christian & Muslim Playing Chess
An illustration from The Libro de los Juegos (13th century CE) that shows a game of chess between a Muslim and a Christian. (Monasterio de El Escorial, Spain)

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Medieval Chess Game
A medieval chess game, popular across Europe in the Middle Ages, illustration from the Codex Manesse, produced in Zürich, Switzerland, 14th century.
University Library of Heidelberg, Germany.

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Lewis Knight Chess-piece
Walrus ivory knight chess-piece armed with a spear and kite-shaped shield from the Lewis series, found in Scotland, dated to c. 1150-1175.
The British Museum, London.

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Egyptian Gods - The Complete List
The gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt were an integral part of the people's everyday lives for over 3,000 years. There were over 2,000 deities in the Egyptian pantheon, many whose names are well known - Isis, Osiris, Horus, Amun, Ra, Hathor...

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Ancient Persian Gods, Heroes, and Creatures - The Complete List
The term 'mythology' comes from the Greek mythos (story-of-the-people) and logos (word or speech), meaning the spoken story of a people. Every civilization of the ancient world developed a belief system, which is characterized as 'mythology'...

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Sassanian Kings List & Commentary
The Sassanian Empire (224-651) was the greatest expression of Persian culture in the ancient world. It was consciously modeled on the earlier Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which established Persian supremacy in the region and developed...

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Achaemenid Kings List & Commentary
The Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) was the first great Persian political entity in Western and Central Asia which stretched, at its peak, from Asia Minor to the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia through Egypt. It was founded by Cyrus II (the...

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King-list of Egypt, Detail of the 18th Dynasty
A pharaoh was known primarily by his throne name. This was traditionally a statement about his divine father, the sun-god Ra, so all cartouches with throne names display a sun-god at the top. A king's birth name was the only name he had already...

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Neo-Assyrian Cuneiform Lexical List
Neo-Assyrian lexical list of names of stones on a clay tablet.

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Babylonian Cuneiform Lexical List
Late Babylonian lexical list of personal names on a clay tablet.