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Argula von Grumbach
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach

Argula von Grumbach (née von Stauff, l. 1490 to c. 1564) was a Bavarian theologian, writer, and reformer, who became a controversial figure after her 1523 letter To the University of Ingolstadt protesting the arrest of a young scholar for...
Katharina von Bora
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Katharina von Bora

Katharina von Bora (l. 1499-1552, also known as Katherine Luther) was a former nun who married Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in 1525. She, along with some fellow nuns, escaped their convent with Luther's help in 1523 in response to his reform...
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt

To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius Seehofer (l. c. 1504 to c. 1539) for...
Statue of Ulrich von Hutten and Franz von Sickingen
Image by Stefan Frerichs

Statue of Ulrich von Hutten and Franz von Sickingen

Statue of Ulrich von Hutten (l. 1488-1523) and Franz von Sickingen (l. 1481-1523), leaders of the Knights' Revolt of 1522-1523 in the Germanic territories of the Holy Roman Empire.
Ten Women of the Protestant Reformation
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten Women of the Protestant Reformation

Women played a vital role in the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) not only by supporting the major reformers as wives but also through their own literary and political influence. Their contributions were largely marginalized in the past...
Beer Hall Putsch
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Beer Hall Putsch

The Beer Hall Putsch or Munich Putsch was a failed attempt by the German National Socialist (Nazi) Party to seize power, first of the Bavarian and then the German federal government on 8-9 November 1923. The coup, led by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945...
Gustav Mahler
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Gustav Mahler

Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) was an Austrian-Bohemian composer best known for his song-cycles and his grand, sweeping symphonies, which often require expanded orchestras for their full performance. Mahler, a composer of Late-Romantic music and...
Qilin (Chinese Unicorn)
Definition by Joanne Taylor

Qilin (Chinese Unicorn)

The qilin (麒麟, or simply lin 麟) is a Chinese mythical creature, frequently translated as "Chinese unicorn." While this term may suggest a one-horned creature, the qilin is often depicted with two horns. However, like the Western unicorn...
Anton Bruckner by von Kaulbach
Image by Hermann von Kaulbach

Anton Bruckner by von Kaulbach

An 1885 oil-on-carton portrait by Hermann von Kaulbach of the Austrian composer Anton Bruckner (1824-96). (Oberösterreichische Landesmuseen)
Statue of Argula von Grumbach
Image by Mihai Buculei

Statue of Argula von Grumbach

Statue of Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564), Bavarian theologian and writer, by Mihai Buculei in Beratzhausen.
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